![]() To escape this state of war and ensure peace, people are drawn to certain agreements or rules, which Hobbes refers to as the Laws of Nature. Without the establishment of a common power, people are in a constant state of war. There is no common power in nature to mediate disputes, so people are generally antisocial and aggressive, and they are forced to fight for sustenance and honor. Whenever two people desire the same object, they are said to be enemies, and the destruction of one’s enemy is included in their desired end. In nature, outside of civil society, all human beings are equal. Hobbes does admit that God’s power is infinite, but this only means that God’s power can never be fully comprehended by any one human being. Imagination, memory, and experience each rely on and are limited by the human senses therefore, no idea or concept can ever be infinite. As time passes, the images of objects begin to decay and deteriorate in a process known as memory, and multiple memories of many things is called experience. According to Hobbes, when an object is removed, an image of the object is retained in the human mind, and this retained image is called imagination. According to Aristotle, vision is produced by a “ visible species,” and hearing is produced by an “ audible species,” both of which rely on an object’s fancy, rather than the object itself. “Yet still the object is one thing,” Hobbes says, “the image or fancy is another.” Aristotle considered the human senses in a different way. Objects are in constant motion, placing constant pressure on sense organs and creating constant thoughts and appearances. Those messages are in turn experienced as sights, sounds, odors, tastes, and textures. In short, an object places pressure on one of the human sense organs, and a message is sent to the brain via the nerves. The production of such appearances are collectively known as the human senses, and every human thought originates in some way from the sense organs. Human thoughts are a “ Representation” or “ Appearance” of some physical body known as an “ Object,” which works upon one of the human sense organs to produce different representations. Hobbes begins with the basic thoughts of humankind. So is the case in art and in any other work created by humankind, such as in the “great LEVIATHAN,” also known as a common-wealth, or state, which is itself an “Artificiall Man.” In Leviathan, Hobbes describes the nature of a common-wealth-how a common-wealth is made and under what circumstances it is maintained or destroyed-and he also explains the “Christian common-wealth” and the “Kingdome of Darkness.” Human life is nothing but the movement of arms and legs, Hobbes argues, and any automated machine that has “artificial life” is no different. ![]()
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